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cue-configuration. Hippocampus.</b><br> | cue-configuration. Hippocampus.</b><br> | ||
| - | [<a href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/a/ab/Kim_Lee_HP_Text_Fig1-8.pdf" target="_blank">Article (PDF)</a>]<br><br> | + | [<a href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/a/ab/Kim_Lee_HP_Text_Fig1-8.pdf" target="_blank">Article (PDF)</a>]<br>The role of the hippocampus in processing contextual cues has been well recognized. Contextual |
| + | manipulation often involves transferring animals between different rooms. Due to vague | ||
| + | definition of context in such a paradigm, however, it has been difficult to study the role of the | ||
| + | hippocampus parametrically in contextual information processing. We designed a novel task in | ||
| + | which a different context can be parametrically defined by the spatial configuration of distal cues. | ||
| + | In this task, rats were trained to associate two different configurations of distal cue-sets (standard | ||
| + | contexts) with different food-well locations at the end of a radial arm. Experiment 1 tested the | ||
| + | role of the dorsal hippocampus in retrieving well-learned associations between standard contexts | ||
| + | and rewarding food-well locations by comparing rats with neurotoxic lesions in the dorsal | ||
| + | hippocampus with controls. We found that the hippocampal-lesioned rats were unable to retrieve | ||
| + | the context-place paired associations learned before surgery. To further test the role of the | ||
| + | hippocampus in generalizing altered context, in Experiment 2, rats were trained in a task in | ||
| + | which modified versions of the standard contexts (ambiguous contexts) were presented, | ||
| + | intermixed with the standard contexts. Rats were able to process the ambiguous contexts | ||
| + | immediately by using their similarities to the standard contexts, whereas muscimol inactivation | ||
| + | of the dorsal hippocampus in the same animals reversibly deprived such capability. The results | ||
| + | suggest that rats can effectively associate discrete spatial locations with spatial configuration of | ||
| + | distal cues. More important, rats can generalize or orthogonalize modified contextual | ||
| + | environments using learned contextual representation of the environment.<br><br> | ||
* <b>Dentate gyrus is necessary for disambiguating similar object-place | * <b>Dentate gyrus is necessary for disambiguating similar object-place | ||
| Line 98: | Line 116: | ||
[<a href="http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/17/5/252.full.html#ref-list-1" target="_blank">Related articles</a>] [<a | [<a href="http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/17/5/252.full.html#ref-list-1" target="_blank">Related articles</a>] [<a | ||
| - | href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/6/6d/Learn._Mem.-2010-Lee-252-8%282%29.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]<br><br> | + | href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/6/6d/Learn._Mem.-2010-Lee-252-8%282%29.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]<br>Objects are often remembered with their locations, which is an important aspect of event memory. Despite the well-known |
| + | involvement of the hippocampus in event memory, detailed intrahippocampal mechanisms are poorly understood. In particular, | ||
| + | no experimental evidence has been provided in support of the role of the dentate gyrus (DG) in disambiguating such | ||
| + | events, even though computational models suggest otherwise. In the current study, rats encountered multiple objects in | ||
| + | different locations and were required to discriminate the object-place paired associates for reward. Specifically, two different | ||
| + | objects appeared in one of two locations (arms in a radial maze) that were relatively close to each other. Different objects | ||
| + | were rewarded depending on the arm in which the objects appeared. The rats with colchicine-based, dorsal DG (dDG) | ||
| + | lesions showed severe and sustained impairment in disambiguating the objects compared with controls (Experiment 1). | ||
| + | The dDG-lesioned rats were normal, however, in discriminating four different objects presented (Experiment 2) in the | ||
| + | same locations as in Experiment 1. Finally, when the two different objects used in Experiment 1 were presented at two | ||
| + | remote locations (Experiment 3) involving less overlap between arm-associated contextual cues, the dDG-lesioned | ||
| + | animals showed initial deficits in discriminating the objects, but gradually relearned the task, in contrast to the sustained | ||
| + | deficits observed in Experiment 1. These results collectively suggest that the DG is necessary when the similarity is | ||
| + | maximal between object-place paired associates due to overlapping object and/or spatial information, whereas its role | ||
| + | becomes minimal as the overlap in either object or spatial information decreases.<br><br> | ||
*<b>Perirhinal cortex is necessary for acquiring, but not for retrieving, | *<b>Perirhinal cortex is necessary for acquiring, but not for retrieving, | ||
| Line 105: | Line 137: | ||
[<a href="http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/17/2/97.full.html#ref-list-1" target="_blank">Related articles</a>] [<a | [<a href="http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/17/2/97.full.html#ref-list-1" target="_blank">Related articles</a>] [<a | ||
| - | href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/1/10/Jo_%26_Lee_L%26M_2010.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]<br><br> | + | href="http://bcs.snu.ac.kr/mediawiki/uploads/1/10/Jo_%26_Lee_L%26M_2010.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]<br>Remembering events frequently involves associating objects and their associated locations in space, and it has been implicated |
| + | that the areas associated with the hippocampus are important in this function. The current study examined the role of the | ||
| + | perirhinal cortex in retrieving familiar object–place paired associates, as well as in acquiring novel ones. Rats were required to | ||
| + | visit one of two locations of a radial-arm maze and choose one of the objects (from a pair of different toy objects) exclusively | ||
| + | associated with a given arm. Excitotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex initially impaired the normal retrieval of object–place | ||
| + | paired-associative memories that had been learned presurgically, but the animals relearned gradually to the level of controls. | ||
| + | In contrast, when required to associate a novel pair of objects with the same locations of the maze, the same lesioned rats were | ||
| + | severely impaired with minimal learning, if any, taking place throughout an extensive testing period. However, the lesioned | ||
| + | rats were normal in discriminating two different objects presented in a fixed arm in the maze. The results suggest that the | ||
| + | perirhinal cortex is indispensable to forming discrete representations for object–place paired associates. Its role, however, | ||
| + | may be compensated for by other structures when familiar object–place paired associative memories need to be retrieved.<br> <br> | ||
</html> | </html> | ||
Revision as of 05:51, 24 June 2010
System and Cognitive unit
Sang-Hun Lee, PhD, Dept. of Psychology, SNU HP
2009
* Asymmetric interaction between motion and stereopsis 23 revealed by concurrent adaptation.
[Article (PDF)]
Although contingent aftereffects between motion and stereopsis have been referred to as behavioral evidence for the joint processing of the two features, the reciprocal nature of encoding the two features has not been systematically studied. Using a novel form of concurrent adaptation, we probed the perception of direction- and disparity-de!ned coherent surfaces in parallel before and after adaptation to a stimulus that moved in a single direction at a particular binocular disparity. Contrary to earlier !ndings, we found a strong asymmetry between motion and stereopsis: the detection of disparity signal after adaptation was more impaired when the test stimulus was moving in the adapted direction than in the non-adapted direction, whereas the test disparity hardly affected the detection of coherent motion. However, motion adaptation became dependent on disparity when we added another surface that was moving in the opposite direction at the opposite sign of disparity to those of the original adaptor, as in previous studies of contingent aftereffects. The observed asymmetric contingency between motion and disparity adaptation urges the reinterpretation of previously reported contingent aftereffects and suggests a corresponding asymmetry between neural mechanisms devoted to processing of motion and stereopsis in human visual cortex.
2007
* Hierarchy of cortical responses underlying binocular rivalry.[>Article (PDF)]
During binocular rivalry, physical stimulation is dissociated from conscious visual awareness. Human brain imaging reveals a tight linkage between the neural events in human primary visual cortex (V1) and the dynamics of perceptual waves during transitions in dominance during binocular rivalry. Here, we report results from experiments in which observers’ attention was diverted from the rival stimuli, implying that: competition between two rival stimuli involves neural circuits in V1, and attention is crucial for the consequences of this neural competition to advance to higher visual areas and promote perceptual waves.
2005
* Traveling waves of activity in primary visual cortex during binocular rivalry.[Article (PDF)]
When the two eyes view large, dissimilar patterns that induce binocular rivalry, alternating waves of visibility arre experienced as one pattern sweeps the other out of conscious awaerness. Here we combine psychophysics with functional magnetic resonance imaging to show tight linkage between dynamics of perceptual waves during ribalry and neural events in human primary wisual cortex (V1).
Randolph Blake, PhD, Dept. of Psychology, Vanderbilt University HP
2010
[Publication list]2009
* Periodic perturbations producing phase-locked fluctuations in visual perception. Journal of Vision, 9, 1 -12.[Related articles]
This paper describes a novel psychophysical and analytical technique, called periodic perturbation, for creating and characterizing perceptual waves associated with transitions in visibility of a stimulus during binocular rivalry and during binocular fusion. Observers tracked rivalry within a small, central region of spatially extended rival targets while small, brief increments in contrast (“triggers”) were presented repetitively in antiphase within different regions of the two rival targets. Appropriately timed triggers produced entrainment of rivalry alternations within the central region, with the optimal timing dependent on an observer's native alternation rate. The latency between trigger and state switch increased with the distance between the location of the trigger and the central region being monitored, providing evidence for traveling waves of dominance. Traveling waves produced by periodic perturbation exhibited the same characteristics as those generated using a less efficient, more demanding discrete trial technique. We used periodic perturbation to reveal a novel relation between the dynamics associated with the spontaneous perceptual alternations and the speed of traveling waves across observers. In addition, we found evidence for traveling waves even when the events triggering them were initiated within regions of the visual field where binocular vision was stable, in the absence of binocular rivalry, implying that perceptual organization generally depends on spatio-temporal context.
* Spatial spread of interocular suppression is guided by stimulus configuration. Perception, 38, 215-231.
[PubMed]
When the two eyes view dissimilar monocular stimuli, the resulting interocular suppression can spread beyond the region of explicit stimulus conflict: portions of one rival target will disappear even though there is no competing stimulation at the corresponding location in the other eye’s view. In a series of experiments we examined whether this spread of suppression is spatially isotropic or governed by the configuration of the stimulus a portion of which is subject to suppression. Observers reported the incidence of stimulus disappearance at different locations along or nearby the contours of a large figure, part of which was suppressed by presentation of a continuous flash-suppression stimulus to a restricted region of the other eye. For all observers, suppression spread over several degrees along the contours of the figure, but tended not to spread to locations nearby but disconnected from the figure. Suppression spread effectively over a smoothly curved contour, and it spread around a sharp corner defined by two abutting contours, albeit less effectively. Suppression tended not to spread to features within the interior of a figure (a face), even if those features formed an integral part of the figure. A gap within a spatially extended stimulus arrested the spread of suppression, unless that gap appeared to arise from occlusion. Spread of suppression was unrelated to sensory eye dominance and was found with a more conventional binocular rivalry configuration, too. These findings implicate the involvement of neural circuitry in which inhibition propagates along paths of excitation beyond spatial regions of explicit interocular conflict.
Inah Lee, PhD, Dept. of Psychology, U of Iowa HP
2010
* Hippocampus is necessary for spatial discrimination using distal cue-configuration. Hippocampus.
[Article (PDF)]
The role of the hippocampus in processing contextual cues has been well recognized. Contextual manipulation often involves transferring animals between different rooms. Due to vague definition of context in such a paradigm, however, it has been difficult to study the role of the hippocampus parametrically in contextual information processing. We designed a novel task in which a different context can be parametrically defined by the spatial configuration of distal cues. In this task, rats were trained to associate two different configurations of distal cue-sets (standard contexts) with different food-well locations at the end of a radial arm. Experiment 1 tested the role of the dorsal hippocampus in retrieving well-learned associations between standard contexts and rewarding food-well locations by comparing rats with neurotoxic lesions in the dorsal hippocampus with controls. We found that the hippocampal-lesioned rats were unable to retrieve the context-place paired associations learned before surgery. To further test the role of the hippocampus in generalizing altered context, in Experiment 2, rats were trained in a task in which modified versions of the standard contexts (ambiguous contexts) were presented, intermixed with the standard contexts. Rats were able to process the ambiguous contexts immediately by using their similarities to the standard contexts, whereas muscimol inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus in the same animals reversibly deprived such capability. The results suggest that rats can effectively associate discrete spatial locations with spatial configuration of distal cues. More important, rats can generalize or orthogonalize modified contextual environments using learned contextual representation of the environment.
* Dentate gyrus is necessary for disambiguating similar object-place representations.
[Related articles] [PDF]
Objects are often remembered with their locations, which is an important aspect of event memory. Despite the well-known involvement of the hippocampus in event memory, detailed intrahippocampal mechanisms are poorly understood. In particular, no experimental evidence has been provided in support of the role of the dentate gyrus (DG) in disambiguating such events, even though computational models suggest otherwise. In the current study, rats encountered multiple objects in different locations and were required to discriminate the object-place paired associates for reward. Specifically, two different objects appeared in one of two locations (arms in a radial maze) that were relatively close to each other. Different objects were rewarded depending on the arm in which the objects appeared. The rats with colchicine-based, dorsal DG (dDG) lesions showed severe and sustained impairment in disambiguating the objects compared with controls (Experiment 1). The dDG-lesioned rats were normal, however, in discriminating four different objects presented (Experiment 2) in the same locations as in Experiment 1. Finally, when the two different objects used in Experiment 1 were presented at two remote locations (Experiment 3) involving less overlap between arm-associated contextual cues, the dDG-lesioned animals showed initial deficits in discriminating the objects, but gradually relearned the task, in contrast to the sustained deficits observed in Experiment 1. These results collectively suggest that the DG is necessary when the similarity is maximal between object-place paired associates due to overlapping object and/or spatial information, whereas its role becomes minimal as the overlap in either object or spatial information decreases.
*Perirhinal cortex is necessary for acquiring, but not for retrieving, object-place paired association.
[Related articles] [PDF]
Remembering events frequently involves associating objects and their associated locations in space, and it has been implicated that the areas associated with the hippocampus are important in this function. The current study examined the role of the perirhinal cortex in retrieving familiar object–place paired associates, as well as in acquiring novel ones. Rats were required to visit one of two locations of a radial-arm maze and choose one of the objects (from a pair of different toy objects) exclusively associated with a given arm. Excitotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex initially impaired the normal retrieval of object–place paired-associative memories that had been learned presurgically, but the animals relearned gradually to the level of controls. In contrast, when required to associate a novel pair of objects with the same locations of the maze, the same lesioned rats were severely impaired with minimal learning, if any, taking place throughout an extensive testing period. However, the lesioned rats were normal in discriminating two different objects presented in a fixed arm in the maze. The results suggest that the perirhinal cortex is indispensable to forming discrete representations for object–place paired associates. Its role, however, may be compensated for by other structures when familiar object–place paired associative memories need to be retrieved.
Marcus Kaiser, PhD, Complex Neural Systems, Newcastle Univ. HP
2010
* Optimal hierarchical modular topologies for producing limited sustained activation of neural networks.[Article (PDF)]
* A nonsynaptic mechanism underlying interictal discharges in human epileptic neocortex.
[Article (PDF)]
* Reducing influenza spreading over the airline network.
[Article (PDF)]
* Parallel calculation of multi-electrode array correlation networks.
[Article (PDF)]
* Random outgrowth and spatial competition generate realistic connection length distributions and filling fractions.
[Article (PDF)]
* Beyond the average: detecting global singular nodes from local features in complex networks.
[Article (PDF)]
